A Comparative Analysis of Performance Indicators in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Systems

Abstract

This thesis compares the performance, cost-efficiency, and sustainability of Lithium-ion and Sodium-ion batteries using key performance indicators. As energy storage systems become vital for renewable energy transitions, identifying technologies that balance cost, performance, and sustainability is critical. The research evaluates Lithium-ion batteries, including Lithium Iron Phosphate and Nickel Manganese Cobalt chemistries, and Sodium-ion batteries, categorized into layered oxides, prussian blue analogs, and polyanionic compounds. Metrics such as energy density, lifecycle efficiency, cost per kilowatt-hour, safety, and recyclability are analyzed for a holistic comparison. The findings reveal that Lithium-ion batteries excel in energy density and market maturity, making them ideal for high-energy applications like electric vehicles. Sodiumion batteries, leveraging abundant Sodium, offer cost-effectiveness, safety, and sustainability, bypassing challenges associated with Lithium and Cobalt sourcing. Their broader operational temperature range and lower environmental impact make them promising for grid-scale and extreme environment applications, despite challenges like lower energy density and early commercialization stages. Using cost modeling, life cycle analysis, and experimental data, the study examines tradeoffs between the two technologies. A performance indicator framework highlights Sodium-ion batteries' cost-competitiveness for renewable energy storage, while Lithiumion batteries remain preferred for high-energy-density applications. This research provides actionable insights for advancing Sodium-ion technology to enhance energy density and scalability, paving the way for adoption in cost-sensitive and sustainabilityfocused sectors.

Date of Award	2025
Original language	English
Supervisor	Christina Toigo (Supervisor)