The role of haptics in user input for simple 3D interaction tasks an analysis of interaction performance and user experience

Traditionally, input devices allowed for at least a certain degree of haptic experience by involving direct physical contact between user and device. Recently, touchless interaction gained popularity through readily available, cheap devices like the Leap motion controller or Microsoft Kinect. Usually, these devices support more than two degrees of freedom and are thus especially suitable for interaction tasks in a three-dimensional space. However, besides the high potential that lies within touchless input techniques, they also involve new challenges (e.g., lack of borders and natural haptic guidance). In this paper, we aim at the identification of potentials and limitations inherent to three different input techniques that involve a varying amount of haptics (i.e., touchful, touchless and semi-touchless input). We present a study conducted with 25 users that focuses on simple input tasks in a 3D interaction space and analyzes objective interaction performance metrics (e.g., regularity or time) and subjective User Experience aspects (e.g., dependability or efficiency). It reveals parallels as well as contrasts between the users' actual interaction performance and perceived UX (e.g., several metrics suggested haptic input to outperform touchless input while differences regarding UX were not significant). The results are intended to inform other researchers when designing interactive environments.