@article{c8c961b7c59d42febe53f200828e764c,
title = "Roasted Rye as a Coffee Substitute: Methods for Reducing Acrylamide",
abstract = "Acrylamide is assumed to be a potential carcinogen, and reference values have therefore been implemented in EU legislation. Thus, the food industry needs to reduce the acrylamide content in consumer products to the lowest possible value. In this study, roasted rye was evaluated for its suitability as a coffee substitution product with respect to its acrylamide content. The influence of process modifiers, free asparagine content, storage, and rye type on the final content of acrylamide was investigated. Changes in carbohydrate composition and brightness caused by the roasting process were described. Sample analysis was conducted via GC-MS and HPLC-CAD. Existing methods were adapted to roasted rye as the sample matrix. CaCl 2 and asparaginase treatment as well as pH adjustments prior to roasting did not prove to reduce the acrylamide content. A significantly (* p < 0.027) lower free asparagine content in the raw material resulted in a lower formation of acrylamide in the final product. The acrylamide content significantly decreased (**** p < 0.0001) after 3 (1100 ± 18 µg kg −1) and 6 (490 ± 7 µg kg −1) months of long-term storage. Only samples stored for 6 months (490 ± 7 µg kg −1) met the EU acrylamide content requirements (<500 µg kg −1) for grain-based coffee substitution products. ",
keywords = "Acrylamide, Coffee substitute, Roasted rye, Xanthydrol",
author = "Johannes Pitsch and Otmar H{\"o}glinger and Julian Weghuber",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft (Josef Ressel Center for Phytogenic Drug Research). It was also funded by a research project of the Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI). The COMET-K1 Competence Centre FFoQSI is funded by the Austrian ministries BMVIT, BMDW and the Austrian provinces Niederoesterreich, Upper Austria and Vienna within the scope of COMET—Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies. The programme COMET is handled by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG. Open Access Funding by the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Funding Information: This research was funded by the Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft (Josef Ressel Center for Phytogenic Drug Research). It was also funded by a research project of the Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI). The COMET-K1 Competence Centre FFoQSI is funded by the Austrian ministries BMVIT, BMDW and the Austrian provinces Niederoesterreich, Upper Austria and Vienna within the scope of COMET-Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies. The programme COMET is handled by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG. Open Access Funding by the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).",
year = "2020",
month = jul,
day = "14",
doi = "10.3390/foods9070925",
language = "English",
volume = "9",
journal = "Foods",
issn = "2304-8158",
publisher = "MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
number = "7",
}