Guava (Psidium guajava) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO2 Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study

Alice König, Bettina Schwarzinger, Verena Stadlbauer, Peter Lanzerstorfer, Marcus Iken, Clemens Schwarzinger, Stephan Schwarzinger, Otmar Höglinger, Daniel Weghuber, Julian Weghuber

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

23 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption can serve as an effective strategy for the prevention of an increase in blood glucose levels. We have recently shown that various extracts prepared from guava (Psidium guajava) inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)-mediated glucose transport in vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (C57BL/6N mice). However, the efficacy in humans remains to be confirmed. For this purpose, we conducted a parallelized, randomized clinical study with young healthy adults. Thirty-one volunteers performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which the control group received a glucose solution and the intervention group received a glucose solution containing a guava fruit extract prepared by supercritical CO 2 extraction. The exact same extract was used for our previous in vitro and in vivo experiments. Blood samples were collected prior to and up to two hours after glucose consumption to quantitate blood glucose and insulin levels. Our results show that, in comparison to the control group, consumption of guava fruit extract resulted in a significantly reduced increase in postprandial glucose response over the basal fasting plasma glucose levels after 30 min (∆ control 2.60 ± 1.09 mmol/L versus ∆ intervention 1.96 ± 0.96 mmol/L; p = 0.039) and 90 min (∆ control 0.44 ± 0.74 mmol/L versus ∆ intervention −0.18 ± 0.88 mmol/L; p = 0.023). In addition, we observed a slightly reduced, but non-significant insulin secretion (∆ control 353.82 ± 183.31 pmol/L versus ∆ intervention 288.43 ± 126.19 pmol/L, p = 0.302). Interestingly, storage time and repeated freeze-thawing operations appeared to negatively influence the efficacy of the applied extract. Several analytical methods (HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR) were applied to identify putative bioactive compounds in the CO 2 extract used. We could assign several substances at relevant concentrations including kojic acid (0.33 mg/mL) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (2.76 mg/mL). Taken together, this clinical trial and previous in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm the efficacy of our guava fruit extract in inhibiting intestinal glucose resorption, possibly in combination with reduced insulin secretion. Based on these findings, the development of food supplements or functional foods containing this extract appears promising for patients with diabetes and for the prevention of insulin resistance. Trial registration: 415-E/2319/15-2018 (Ethics Commissions of Salzburg).

Original languageEnglish
Article number1512
JournalNutrients
Volume11
Issue number7
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2019

Keywords

  • Guava extract
  • Oral glucose tolerance test
  • Supercritical CO extraction
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Double-Blind Method
  • Humans
  • Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
  • Male
  • Fruit/chemistry
  • Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
  • Psidium/chemistry
  • Blood Glucose/drug effects
  • Food Handling/methods
  • Time Factors
  • Postprandial Period
  • Biomarkers/blood
  • Female
  • Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid
  • Intestinal Reabsorption/drug effects

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