Cybervictimization and Cyberaggression in Eastern and Western Countries: Challenges of Constructing a Cross-Culturally Appropriate Scale

The main goals of the present chapter are twofold: First, we demonstrate that bullying and ijime are not fully equivalent concepts in Eastern and Western countries, both on a theoretical level and on the level of terms used in ordinary languages. The richness of these cultural concepts has important implications for the construction of cross-culturally valid scales. Second, a procedure for developing a cross-culturally valid scale and how to establish cross-cultural validity statistically will be described by using data collected in Austria and Japan.