A novel augmented reality simulator for minimally invasive spine surgery

Cement augmentation techniques cover minimally invasive surgical interventions used to treat painful vertebral compression fractures. These fractures are mainly caused by decreased bone strength as a result of osteoporosis. The current training options for novice surgeons concerning these techniques are insufficient. High costs, specimen availability as well as ethical concerns lead to poor patient safety. Therefore, an augmented reality simulator was developed allowing novice surgeons to train in a safe environment. Key feature of this simulator is the physical patient phantom with artificial vertebrae and soft tissue. Measurements on formalin-fixed as well as fresh-frozen specimens were performed to get a reference. Based on these results, appropriate material compositions were used to imitate the haptic feedback during instrument insertions. The resulting artificial structures showed reaction forces close to their references.