Laser ignition of methane-air mixtures at high pressures and diagnostics

Methane-air mixtures at high fill pressures up to 30 bar and high temperatures up to 200°C were ignited in a high pressure chamber with automated fill control by a 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. Both, the minimum input laser pulse energy for ignition and the transmitted fraction of energy through the generated plasma were measured as a function of the air/fuel-equivalence ratio (λ). The lean side ignition limit of methane-air mixtures was found to be λ = 2.4. However, only λ < 2.2 seems to be practically usable. As a comparison, the limit for conventional spark plug ignition of commercial natural gas engines is λ = 1.8. Only with excessive efforts λ = 2.0 can be spark-ignited. The transmitted pulse shape through the laser-generated plasma was determined temporally as well as its dependence on input laser energy and properties of the specific gases interacting. For a first demonstration of the practical applicability of laser ignition, one cylinder of a 1 MW natural gas engine was ignited by a similar 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The engine worked successfully at λ = 1.8 for a first test period of 100 hours without any interruption due to window fouling and other disturbances. Lowest values for NO_x emission were achieved at λ = 2.05 (NO_x = 0.22 g/KWh).Three parameters obtained from accompanying spectroscopic measurements, namely water absorbance, flame emission and the gas inhomogeneity index have proven to be a powerful tool to judge laser-induced ignition of methane-air mixtures. The following effects were determined by the absorption spectroscopic technique: formation of water in the vicinity of the laser spark (semi-quantitative); characterization of ignition (ignition delay, incomplete ignition, failed ignition); homogeneity of the gas phase in the vicinity of the ignition and the progress of combustion.