TY - JOUR
T1 - A design process model for battery systems based on existing life cycle assessment results
AU - Akasapu, U.
AU - Hehenberger, P.
N1 - Funding Information:
After 10 years of rapid sales growth all over the world, by the end of 2020, there were 10 million electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads. Despite the pandemic affecting sales of cars, causing a drop of 16% in 2020, there was a particular increase in registrations for electric cars. The world has witnessed a sudden growth due to multiple reasons, like encouraging regulatory framework, different governments providing incentives to the sale of EVs and increasing number of EV models and falling prices of the battery, which is one of the most important part of an electric car (Global, 2021). Norway, which is amongst the leading countries in the usage of EVs, saw a 18.7% rise in market share in 2021 for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), from 54.3% in 2020 to 64.5% in 2021. In December 2021 alone Norway saw a combined sales of 90% plugin vehicles, which consisted of 67.1% of BEVs and 22.9% plugin hybrids (PHEVs) (Holland, 2022). When combined with the legal requirements and political measures imposed by international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, electric vehicles are poised to become a significant part of the transportation industry in the future. Political influence has had a positive effect on the use of electric vehicles. Governments in some countries, such as Norway, are more aggressively supporting the industry compared to many other countries in the European Union (EU) or the UK (Wellings et al., 2021).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/6/25
Y1 - 2023/6/25
N2 - A critical issue that has dominated the field of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is their usefulness to climate change, their second life, and their recyclability. With recent developments in the discipline of circular economy, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of LIBs becomes important. There are numerous studies on LCA of LIBs and this paper investigates the existing LCA results to quantify the different parameters that could affect the decisions of a battery pack design engineer. Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP) are the two most discussed environmental impacts among the previously executed LCA studies. GWP gives information on the carbon footprint associated with the usage of LIB whereas the ADP is associated with the depletion of resources, both environmental factors important to consider for a sustainable design process. This study also takes into account the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) component, which provides a designer with a sense of the amount of energy used over the course of a LIB's lifetime. The authors of this work suggest a design process model for a LIB pack design based on these considerations, which aids a design engineer in making the right choices. Consequently, this helps the designer to achieve more utility of raw materials, making sparing use of resources and find potentials to reduce waste in different life stages of a LIB pack.
AB - A critical issue that has dominated the field of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is their usefulness to climate change, their second life, and their recyclability. With recent developments in the discipline of circular economy, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of LIBs becomes important. There are numerous studies on LCA of LIBs and this paper investigates the existing LCA results to quantify the different parameters that could affect the decisions of a battery pack design engineer. Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP) are the two most discussed environmental impacts among the previously executed LCA studies. GWP gives information on the carbon footprint associated with the usage of LIB whereas the ADP is associated with the depletion of resources, both environmental factors important to consider for a sustainable design process. This study also takes into account the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) component, which provides a designer with a sense of the amount of energy used over the course of a LIB's lifetime. The authors of this work suggest a design process model for a LIB pack design based on these considerations, which aids a design engineer in making the right choices. Consequently, this helps the designer to achieve more utility of raw materials, making sparing use of resources and find potentials to reduce waste in different life stages of a LIB pack.
KW - Battery systems
KW - Electric vehicles
KW - LCA
KW - Life cycle assessment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85152363322&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137149
DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137149
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85152363322
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 407
JO - Journal of Cleaner Production
JF - Journal of Cleaner Production
M1 - 137149
ER -
